Theater

       "Seven reasons why theater makes our lives better" was about how theater makes the world a better place. The author of the article was Howard Shalwitz, an artistic director of a theater company. The purpose of this article was to show how theater makes the world better. The audience of this article was anyone capable of enjoying theater, and those who see no purpose in theater. The article uses logos in the regards that it gives some facts, but it is not strong logos due to how it lacks specific examples. The article seems to rely mostly on pathos due to the fact it uses emotional words and phrases and expresses theater as a beautiful way to express oneself and connect people. The article does have an appeal to ethos, especially by including a brief introduction from the editor, by showing how the person who wrote the article is an artistic director at a theater company, showing that the author knows stuff about theater.

Pac Man

        "How Pac-Man changed games and culture" by Christine Champagne is about the influence and originality of Pac-Man. The article was written because of how Pac-Man's 33rd anniversary was coming up. The purpose of this article was to show the influence Pac-Man had upon future videos and pop-culture at the time. The article uses logos by mention  how previous games were not as colorful and how none of them had the same mass appeal as Pac-Man did and how video games mostly attracted teenagers and men instead of both women and children at the time before Pac-Man. The article also refers to elements from the original Pac-Man game that are prevalent today such as avoiding pursuers or collecting objects to progress in the game. The article also uses pathos by mentioning how Pac-Man is easily recognizable among children, it can be enjoyed among numerous generations, and words and phrases like iconic, timeless, and a pop culture sensation. The author seems to avoid mentioning ethos during this article with few references to themselves inside of it.

Alien and sedition acts analysis

      The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of acts passed in 1798 by the U.S. Government under the Federalist party. The federalists generally supported a stronger central government and loosely interpretted the constitution in order to pass laws they deemed necessary. The Alien and Sedition Acts gave the government the power to deport or imprison aliens and to fine or imprison those who spoke "libel" against the government. This caused great controversy because it violated the rights of the people to free speech. The federalist party often used these acts in order to imprison those who spoke out against their political beliefs so that they could remain fairly unopposed. The acts seem to primarily rely on pathos. They describe the actions done that would result in imprisonment as malicious or harmful to the general good of the people or that aliens would be involved in endangering peace and harming the government yet provide no real logos appeals to back up their claims. They do use logos however by stating the exact punishments for violating these crimes, which would deter people from committing acts through logic; they would not want to face the objective punishment given. The main ethos claim is that the speakers are the house of representatives, senators, and it is signed by the president; this shows officials elected by the people making the laws. 

Science and pseudoscience in adult nutrition research and practice

     The article is about how many nutritional claims are not proven scientifically. The speaker is Reynold Specter, a M.D. who also served as a professor of pharmacology, biochemistry, and medicine. He is writing this article because he views many "scientific" claims are false and possible harmful and he wants people to evaluate the credibility and accuracy of claims they see in order to be healthier. The article primarily relies on pathos in which he attacks the credibility of many nutritional claims and even states studies that show how excessive doses of certain vitamins are actually harmful to organisms. The article also used pathos because it does use words such as ludicrous, doomed, outrageous, etc. to create an emotional response against the lack of evidence in nutrition. The author does not refer to many of his own accomplishments in the field of medicine but he does make an appeal to ethos by aligning his beliefs in moderation with Aristotle, who is a respected philosopher( who ironically did not follow the scientific method at all). He often uses the rhetorical device of rhetorical questions by having his heading phrased as questions. 

Gettysburg address

     This is a brief analysis of the gettyburg address. The Gettyburg address is a speech made by Abraham Lincoln, the president of the United States during the Civil War, immediately following the battle of Gettysburg. Many men died during this battle and Lincoln used this in his speech to increase the dedication of the people of the union to winning the war. The speech primarily relies upon pathos. The speech talks about the sacrifice of the men who died there and how to not win the war would be for them to have died in vain. He also mentions liberty and freedom throughout the speech, giving the feeling that winning the war would be essential for the liberty of the United States. He does not give exact statistics or logical arguments but uses the emotional effect to great advantage. He does not appeal to ethos in his speech. In fact, he discredits his own speech in order to put more emphasis on the men by saying how people would forget the speech but never forget the men who died in the battle. 

Brief analysis of the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

The document is The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. This document was written soon after a French Revolution in which the people rose up because they were being oppressed. This document was written by Marquis de Lafayette with the help of Thomas Jefferson, both of whom supported in the American Revolution and the ideals of natural rights proposed in it.  It was written to try and prevent future political corruption and public calamities. The document appears to try to appeal primarily to logos by saying a right and mentioning certain treatments that should be expected due to that right but it refers to the rights as self-evident and does not really prove it in any fashion and seems to rely on pathos to make this point. Their appeal to ethos is that they are under the presence and auspices of the supreme being, God.

Watson and Crick

       The article proposes the double helix structure for DNA. This article was published in 1953 by Watson and Crick in Nature, a scientific journal. Watson and Crick published their paper early, without large amounts of detail, because they wanted to first to discover the structure of DNA. This worked and they won a Nobel Prize for their work. They wrote to the scientific community in order to propose their structure for DNA and mention that their structure suggests how DNA replicates.
The article focuses on logos, and is fairly devoid of pathos. First Watson and Crick dismissed the previous models of DNA as ill defined or not completely following the laws of chemistry. When they discuss their model they insure it does not have such problems and reference experimental data and rules of chemistry that helped them come to their conclusion. They do not have many strong appeals to ethos, but they do mention the work of many other people who helped them come to their conclusions. This appeals the their credibility because it shows how their work was based upon other scientists.

Short analysis of "The Efficacy of Prayer" by C.S. Lewis

     
       The essay "The Efficacy of prayer" by C.S. Lewis is about prayer and how it can not be proven to be effective. He argues against misconceptions that he hears about prayer through scripture and the knowledge that God is omnipotent, omniscient, benevolent, and the one who actually answers prayers. He writes to fellow Christians to express his belief in prayer in hopes that others would understand them or at least be convinced against certain misconceptions about prayer.
The logos arguments were well done, Lewis mentions how some miraculous healings do happen somehow but it can not be proven because if one was to do an experiment of praying for one group of people only but insuring that another group does not get prayed for they are not being sincere because their real motivation is to test God, not to get healing for the people in the hospital, and that prayer is a request and that God chooses what happens for reasons know only to him because he is all wise and people do not know all as he does. Lewis gives an example of God not granting prayer by referencing Jesus in the garden, and how he prayed to not have to be crucified yet he still was and he also uses this to refute the assertion that God's favorites get all their prayers answered. He tries to disprove bad analogies such as prayer being a machine or magic which would work through human effort and not through God, to whom the prayers are adressed, and who grants or refuses the prayers. Ethos is done in a humble way in which he says that what he says is how it seems to him and admits how their are mysteries that not even he can explore but does so in such a way that strengthens his argument because he says that no human can fully understand God's will, such as in answering prayers, which is part of his logos argument and it helps support that with the example of himself. Pathos is done with the examples of things seemingly caused by prayer such as him going to the barber when he originally decided not because the barber prayed and how the woman was healed after someone laid his hands on her and prayed. This examples inspire a feeling of curiosity and wonder towards prayer. He also offers the comforting Christian statements of how God is all knowing and absolutely good and only gives us what we can handle to explain why prayers may go unanswered or challenges arise.